Risikofaktor Akademiker

Das ist doch sicher nicht ganz ernst gemeint, was ein Internationales Forscherteam im Rahmen einer Studie herausgefunden hat und im Fachblatt Journal of Epidemiology am Dienstag veröffentlichte.

Demnach soll sich das Risiko einer Hirntumorerkrankung schon nach drei Jahren Studium deutlich erhöhen und zwar bei Männern um 11 % und bei Frauen um 22 %.

Research report

J Epidemiol Community Health doi:10.1136/jech-2015-207002


Socioeconomic position and the risk of brain tumour: a Swedish national population-based cohort study

Amal R Khanolkar1,2, Rickard Ljung2, Mats Talbäck2, Hannah L Brooke2, Sofia Carlsson2, Tiit Mathiesen3, Maria Feychting2

Author Affiliations
1 Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
2 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
3 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Sweden

Correspondence to Dr Amal R Khanolkar, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30, Guildford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; a.khanolkar@ucl.ac.uk

Received 24 November 2015
Published Online First 20 June 2016

Abstract

Background The aim was to investigate associations between different measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) and incidence of brain tumours (glioma, meningioma and acoustic neuroma) in a nationwide population-based cohort.

Methods We included 4 305 265 individuals born in Sweden during 1911–1961, and residing in Sweden in 1991. Cohort members were followed from 1993 to 2010 for a first primary diagnosis of brain tumour identified from the National Cancer Register. Poisson regression was used to compute incidence rate ratios (IRR) by highest education achieved, family income, occupational group and marital status, with adjustment for age, healthcare region of residence, and time period.

Results We identified 5735 brain tumours among men and 7101 among women during the study period. Highly educated men (≥3 years university education) had increased risk of glioma (IRR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.37) compared to men with primary education. High income was associated with higher incidence of glioma in men (1.14, 1.01 to 1.27). Women with ≥3 years university education had increased risk of glioma (1.23, 1.08 to 1.40) and meningioma (1.16, 1.04 to 1.29) compared to those with primary education. Men and women in intermediate and higher non-manual occupations had increased risk of glioma compared to low manual groups. Compared to those married/cohabiting, being single or previously married/cohabiting was associated with decreased risk of glioma in men. Men in non-manual occupations had ∼50% increased risk of acoustic neuroma compared to men in low manual occupations.

Conclusions We observed consistent associations between higher SEP and higher risk of glioma. Completeness of cancer registration and detection bias are potential explanations for the findings.
Introduction

The aetiology of brain and central nervous system tumours remains largely unknown.1 Few risk factors have been identified and these vary by type of brain tumour. Established risk factors include exposure to ionising radiation1 and certain rare genetic syndromes (such as the von Hippel-Lindau and Li-Fraumeni syndromes, and neurofibromatosis).2 While glioma is more common among males, meningioma is more common among females.1 ,3 Additionally, incidences of some types of brain tumour vary by ethnicity, for example, glioma is more common among Caucasians.1 ,3 ,4 A few previous studies have indicated that brain tumour risk differs by socioeconomic background; higher education, income, and occupational groups have been associated with increased risk of low-grade glioma, meningioma and acoustic neuroma, although results have been conflicting.5–7 Some of these studies used a case–control design which is not ideal when studying potential differences in brain tumour risk between socioeconomic groups, as non-participation among controls is often associated with lower socioeconomic position (SEP).5 ,8 A cohort study design would be more appropriate; however, study cohorts must be sufficiently large to allow for separate analyses of subtypes of brain tumours which are relatively rare and have potentially different aetiologies.4 ,5 Also, when exposure data is collected prospectively it helps avoid recall bias. The personal identification number unique to each inhabitant in Sweden allows for linkage of population-based high-quality national registers that include data from several decades, and provides a unique opportunity to address this issue. The use of national registers in a cohort study design will help eliminate selection bias at baseline, thus possibly affecting the results of previous case–control studies.

The aim was to investigate associations between SEP and risk of different types of brain tumours using a large population-based national cohort based on national registers data with high completeness and validity, and with a range of socioeconomic indicators. Investigating associations with different indicators of SEP is essential, as these might influence brain tumour risk in different ways. For example, education may influence recognition of symptoms leading to earlier medical care whereas certain occupations may be associated with occupational exposure to carcinogens.
Methods

Study population and follow-up: We created a population-based closed cohort that includes all individuals born in Sweden between 1911 and 1961, and registered in the Swedish Total Population Register (TPR) as of 1 January 1991, N=4 885 457.9 In addition, a subcohort was restricted to persons who participated in the national census performed in 1990, and this enabled us to also analyse an occupation-based socioeconomic indicator (the Swedish Socioeconomic Classification (SEI)). We chose 1 January 1993 as start of follow-up as this is when the Cancer Registry began using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Second Edition (ICD-O-2) for their primary coding of tumour site and histology (patients who developed a brain tumour before the start of follow-up were excluded). The youngest members of the cohort were 32 years of age in 1993, an age when most individuals would have obtained a relatively stable SEP. This enables us to assess the effects of the cohort members' SEP (as opposed to that of their parents' SEP) on risk of developing brain tumours. Additionally, brain tumours are relatively rare among younger adults. We excluded foreign-born individuals (N=536 125, as this group was ethnically heterogeneous with relatively few cases of brain tumours), individuals with a brain tumour diagnosis before the start of follow-up (N=5194), and those with missing data at baseline (N=38 873); thus, 4 305 265 individuals (2 116 091 males and 2 189 874 females) were eligible to be included in the cohort and for follow-up (figure 1). We used the unique personal identity numbers assigned to all individuals in Sweden to obtain information on all other variables through the linkage with national registers.


Cases—individuals with a first primary diagnosis of a brain tumour during the study period, were identified using the National Cancer Register.10 Analyses were restricted to glioma (site C71, histology codes 9380-9481), meningioma (C70, 9530-9539) and acoustic neuroma (C72.4, 9560.0/9560.3). Within the glioma group, separate analyses were also conducted for glioblastoma (histology codes 9440-9443).

The study cohort was followed up to and inclusive of 31 December 2010. We checked the status of cohort subjects continuously during each year of the study period. We stopped counting person-time of patients if they received a diagnosis of a primary brain tumour, emigrated, died, or at the end of the study period, which ever occurred first. Death was ascertained by the date of death which was obtained from the Cause of Death Register.11

Education, income and marital status

Highest education achieved, individualised disposable family income, and marital status were obtained from the Longitudinal Integration Database for Health Insurance and Labour Market Studies (LISA).12 LISA contains integrated data on education, labour market participation and sociodemographic indicators on all individuals residing in the country aged 16 years and older, and is updated annually. The information relates to the circumstances during the year or on 31 December, depending on the type of information referred to. It is created using the total population (which forms the basis for inclusion in this study), education, income and tax, and immigration/emigration registers. Education was categorised into five groups: primary education (1–9 years of compulsory education), lower secondary education (10–11 years of education), higher secondary education (12 years of education), lower tertiary education (<3 years of university education) and higher tertiary education (≥3 years of university education). Individualised disposable family income is an aggregate variable at the individual level that takes into account all incomes earned in a household after taxes, including any monetary social benefits that may have been received, and is adjusted for family size. For analysis, disposable income was divided into quintiles. Marital status was obtained from LISA and was categorised into three groups: married or cohabitating, previously married or cohabiting (but currently single, ie, divorced or widowed) and single (ie, never registered as married or cohabiting).

With the exception of occupation-based SEI, we used the available data on socioeconomic indicator as registered in LISA on 31 December in the year prior to each year of follow-up or diagnosis with a brain tumour. If the relevant information the year prior to observation or diagnosis was missing, we used the previous available status.
Occupation-based SEI

Information on SEI was obtained from the Population and Housing census. The census was administered via postal questionnaires, and residents in the country were legally obliged to respond. SEI largely corresponds to the Erikson, Goldthorpe and Portocarrero classification of occupations (EGP).13 SEI categorises individuals into occupational groups and is considered to be a good socioeconomic indicator for individuals above 30 years of age.14 It takes into account specific responsibilities and tasks associated with a particular kind of job. In the first instance, it groups individuals as self-employed (including farmers) and employees. The latter group is divided into manual and non-manual employees. Based on the number of years of education required for their specific occupations, non-manual employees are further divided into three classes: higher non-manual (typically requiring 6 years of education after compulsory schooling), intermediate non-manual (3–5 years of education after compulsory schooling), and lower non-manual (requiring fewer than 3 years of education after compulsory schooling). Similarly, manual employees are subdivided into skilled and unskilled workers. For this analysis, SEI was recategorised into seven groups: higher non-manual, intermediate non-manual, lower non-manual, self-employed, farmers, higher manual and lower manual. Information on SEI is only recorded for the working population, that is, until 65 years of age, and was obtained from the 1990, 1985 or 1980 national censuses and the latest available SEI for each individual was used in the analysis. The census from 1990 is the last available for the current study period. As information on SEI was missing for 16% of cohort members, analysis with SEI as the exposure variable was based on 3 666 317 individuals (1 912 953 males, and 1 753 364 females).

Statistical analysis

Poisson regression models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for the three types of brain tumours described above by the different indicators of SEP, with adjustment for potential confounders. The first model was adjusted for attained age (age entered as a continuous variable with a 3rd-degree polynomial), time (year of observation; continuous in years) and healthcare region of residence (model 1). Additional adjustment for marital status and the other socioeconomic indicators besides the main socioeconomic exposure of interest were made in model 2. Models with marital status as the main socioeconomic indicator were additionally adjusted for education and income in model 2. All models were stratified by sex. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA V.13 (College Station, Texas, USA).

As models for glioblastoma only did not differ substantially from the results for glioma including glioblastoma, we only report estimates for glioma in the tables.

Results

The study was based on 4 305 265 individuals (2 116 091 males with 32 350 436 person years and 2 189 174 females with 34 602 267 person years). During the follow-up period 5735 males and 7101 females developed brain tumours. In total, 48 615 individuals emigrated and were lost to follow-up, and 1 187 138 individuals died during follow-up (figure 1).
Education and risk of brain tumour

For glioma, the IRR increased with increasing level of education in both men and women, and more consistently in men than women. Men and women with three or more years of university education had IRRs of 1.19 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.33) and 1.23 (1.08 to 1.40) for glioma, respectively (tables 1 and 2) compared to those with primary education. Adjustment for marital status and disposable income only slightly attenuated these estimates (ie, model 2 compared to model 1) in men but not women (tables 1 and 2). Education was not associated with risk of meningioma in men. However, university educated women had a slight increased risk of meningioma compared to those with primary education. These estimates were statistically significant only in the most highly educated group (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.29). Education was not associated with risk of acoustic neuroma in either men or women (tables 1 and 2).


Associations between socioeconomic factors and risk for brain tumours in women

Disposable income and risk of brain tumour

Men with the highest disposable income (5th quintile) had an increased incidence of glioma in comparison to those with the lowest disposable income (IRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27, table 2). Adjustment for marital status and education only marginally attenuated these estimates (ie, model 2 compared to model 1). Disposable income was not associated with risk of meningioma or acoustic neuroma in men, and it was not associated with risk of any type of brain tumour in women.
Occupation-based SEI and risk of brain tumour

Men in the highest occupational groups; intermediate and high non-manual employees had significantly increased risks of glioma compared to low manual employees, which was marginally attenuated on adjustment for marital status and disposable income (table 1). Similar to associations observed in men, women classified as non-manual employees also had a significantly increased risk of glioma compared to low manual employees. For example, female high non-manual employees had an IRR of 1.26 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.48) for glioma compared to female low manual employees (table 2).

Occupational group was not associated with meningioma in men, but women in occupations classified as intermediate non-manual had an increased risk of meningioma (IRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.26) compared to women in low manual occupations. Men in all three non-manual occupational groups had increased risk of acoustic neuroma. In general, men in non-manual occupations had ∼50% increased risk of acoustic neuroma compared to men in low manual occupations (table 1). We did not observe any association between occupational group and acoustic neuroma in women (table 2).

Marital status and risk of brain tumour

Men who had never married or been in cohabiting relationships, as well as those previously married or in cohabiting relationships, had significantly decreased IRR for glioma compared to married/cohabiting men (table 1). In contrast, men who had never married or been in a cohabiting relationship had an increased risk of meningioma (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.38) compared to married men. Marital status was not significantly associated with risk of any type of brain tumour in women.
Discussion

This large population-based cohort study revealed consistent associations between indicators of higher SEP and increased risk of glioma in men, and to a lesser extent in women. Unmarried men had a significantly reduced risk of glioma, whereas for women, the association was non-significant (below unity). Women with higher education had an increased risk for meningioma compared to those with a lower education. The association between education and meningioma was weaker in men. Men who had never been married had an increased risk of meningioma. Associations between acoustic neuroma with SEP were less consistent. We found associations between higher occupational group and increased risk of acoustic neuroma for men, but not for women. No significant associations with marital status were observed for acoustic neuroma. In general, associations were more consistent for men than the women.

Strengths of the study include the population-based cohort design reducing risk of selection bias, the large sample size, and complete nationwide coverage of study exposures collected prospectively (educational attainment, disposable income and marital status) which helped to avoid recall bias. Also, in principle, all patients diagnosed with a brain tumour should have equal access to the same standards of care as Sweden has a universal tax-funded healthcare system. Issues such as underdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis that might arise due to lack of insurance or affordability of healthcare in other countries is minimised in Sweden. Using national registers linked via personal identity numbers ensures complete follow-up of outcomes. Additionally, the Cancer Register benefits from mandatory reporting by the pathologist and the attending clinician. Up to 99.3% of all brain tumours recorded in the Cancer Register are diagnosed based on a histological examination (surgical or biopsy). Additionally, 0.23% and 0.41% are diagnosed by X-ray and cytology, respectively.

Weaknesses include the lack of information on lifestyle factors that might influence the risk of brain tumour. However, there is no or limited evidence that smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle or other lifestyle factors affect risk of brain tumour, with the exception of a potentially lower incidence of acoustic neuroma among smokers.15 It is possible that occupational group based on SEI could be misclassified for those individuals who changed their occupation after the information was recorded. However, we expect this will affect only a small number of individuals without impacting the observed estimates.

Previous studies identified higher SEP (using individual-level and ecological-level indicators) as a risk factor for glioma, including glioblastoma,5 ,16 ,17 which is in line with our results. Case ascertainment is unlikely to explain the findings as glioma (especially glioblastoma) is strongly symptomatic. This should be more so in Sweden which has universal healthcare. Thus patients experiencing symptoms would not be discouraged from seeking medical intervention. However, as malignant forms of glioma, especially glioblastoma, require invasive treatment procedures, it is likely that older patients and those who seek care at a later stage of tumour development may not undergo surgery.10 If this occurs in cases without surgery, reporting to the Cancer Register will be based on clinical observation, with no confirmation from histopathology. If patients from higher SEP groups seek care earlier or are more likely to undergo surgery despite advanced tumour development, reporting of the tumours to the Cancer Registry may be more complete in higher SEP groups and this might contribute to the observed associations.

Physicians, firefighters, industrial workers and farmers were previously found to be at increased risk of glioma, but results have been contradictory.1 ,18 A small Swedish study found that men occupationally exposed to arsenic and mercury, and possibly to petroleum products had an increased risk of glioma, but reported no consistent association with occupations resulting in higher SEP.18 For women, no associations with chemical exposures were found, but there were indications of increased risks of glioma in occupations requiring longer education.18 Unidentified lifestyle factors might explain the increased risk of glioma in people with high SEP.18 We found that male farmers had an increased risk of glioma (estimates not statistically significant), although this cannot explain the observed associations with SEP in our study. The only well-established risk factor for glioma is ionising radiation which is relatively rare, and we have no reason to believe that people of high SEP should be more exposed to it.1

Our finding that previously married and single men have a lower risk of glioma compared to married men is in line with previous studies.5 Increased risk of brain tumours in married or partnered subjects is thought to be partly due to detection bias which may explain our results with marital status as an exposure. Spouses are more likely to notice symptoms in their partners such as memory loss, confusion, and personality changes, that are commonly associated with glioma and insist on medical help. Some hypothesise that women are more likely than men to notice symptoms in their partners, which could explain the lack of association between marital status and glioma in women.6

Both case–control and population-based register studies have reported associations between higher SEP and increased risk of acoustic neuroma.5 ,6 We found that higher SEP groups had higher risks for acoustic neuroma although estimates did not always reach statistical significance, and findings were restricted to men. Acoustic neuroma is generally slow growing and often goes undetected for several years.19 People with higher education and those belonging to higher occupational groups are more likely to notice symptoms, such as unilateral hearing loss, and more importantly, seek medical care earlier than those with lower education (contributing to detection bias). While this may explain the observed increased risk of acoustic neuroma in higher SEP men, it cannot explain the less consistent associations observed between SEP and risk of acoustic neuroma in women. Also, the incidence of acoustic neuroma is similar in both sexes. Detection and reporting of a benign slow growing tumour like acoustic neuroma to the cancer registry is likely to be less complete, especially as watchful waiting is often the first choice of treatment, delaying a histological confirmation of the diagnosis.

Previous studies of SEP and meningioma have reported inconsistent results and data are scarce, especially for women.5 ,8 ,18 Some occupations, such as university teachers, social workers, managing directors and toolworkers, were shown to be associated with increased risk of meningioma in men. However, we did not observe any association between SEP and meningioma in men in this study and we are unable to provide an explanation for the same. We found some indication that higher SEP women, especially women with higher education, may be at higher risk of meningioma, but no corresponding association for men. A previous Swedish study found that women in occupations as teachers, bookkeepers, cashiers and store workers had higher risk of meningioma.18 These occupations would be classified as intermediate non-manual, which is the group of women found to have an increased risk of meningioma in our study. However, none of these occupations are considered to be associated with potential carcinogens that could explain the observed increased risk. Meningioma is also generally a slower growing benign tumour where earlier recognition of symptoms in higher socioeconomic groups could result in some detection bias. This could potentially explain the higher incidence in women with higher education. Hormonal and reproductive differences between the two sexes could also potentially explain the difference in incidence of meningioma and glioma between men and women.18 ,20 ,21

Conclusions

We found that higher SEP was associated with an increased risk of glioma in Swedish men and women, and to a lesser extent with acoustic neuroma in men and meningioma in women. Completeness of cancer registration and detection bias are potential explanations for the differences, although we had expected these sources of bias to primarily affect results for meningioma and acoustic neuroma.
What is already known on this subject?

Indicators of socioeconomic position like higher education, income and occupational group are associated with increased risk of brain tumour (low-grade glioma, meningioma and acoustic neuroma). Results from previous studies are conflicting and might be biased due to study design.

What this study adds

Using a large population-based cohort, this study found consistent associations between indicators of higher socioeconomic position and increased risk of glioma in both sexes, and to a much lesser extent in meningioma and acoustic neuroma. Completeness of cancer registration and detection bias are potential explanations for the observed differences by socioeconomic position.

Footnotes

Contributors MF conceived the research idea. MF, RL, MT and ARK together designed the research study. MT conducted the statistical analysis. ARK wrote the paper with contributions from all authors. All the authors read and approved the submitted manuscript.

Funding The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council (521-2010-2480) and the Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2010-0417).

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> Das ist doch sicher nicht ganz ernst gemeint,

Das ist ernst gemeint, weil die Studie nur eine Korrelation feststellt, aber keinen kausalen Zusammenhang. Der Unterschied ist sprachlich fein, aber bedeutsam ("Akademiker erkranken mit erhöhter Wahrscheinlichkeit an ZNS-Tumoren" wäre die Korrelation, "Akademische Laufbahn erhöht das Risiko für ZNS-Tumore" wäre ein Aussage über Kausation und nicht Aussage der Studie).

Bei mir trat der Tumor ungefähr 17 Jahre vor dem Beginn meiner akademischen Laufbahn auf, rein aus der Zeitlichkeit kann die Krankheit also keine Folge der akademischen Laufbahn sein.

Das könnte in meinem Fall zutreffend sein, nur was nutzt das Wissen?
Interessant ist die Frage ob all die Nicht-Akademiker den falschen Bildungsweg eingeschlagen haben :-) -Scherz-

Mich überrascht diese neue Erkenntnis einfach.

Überall und auch hier in diesem Forum lese ich, dass die Risikofaktoren und Ursachen für die Entstehung eines Hirntumors überwiegend unbekannt sind, dass aber Umweltfaktoren, Ernährungsgewohnheiten, seelische Belastungen oder Stress keine Rolle spielen.

Hallo asteri,
Deine Überraschung teile ich.
Ich halte den Forschungsbericht nicht für einen midsommar Scherz (siehe Datum). Aber ich habe nach dem ersten Blick auf den Report auch geschluckt.

@spinecho
Danke für Deine Klarstellung zwischen Korrelation und Kausalität.
Bis auf den Wohnsitz in Schweden passt alles.

@
Danke für den Report. Werde den Text gleich in aller Ruhe lesen.

Beste Grüße
Pomperipossa (in Erinnerung an Astrid Lindgren)

Hallo,

also irgendwie kann ich diese Studie nicht so ganz ernst nehmen. Studieren fördert Hirntumore ?Also, ich weiß nicht.
.
Man kommt aber doch ins Grübeln, denn ich habe auch studiert und einen Hirntumor..... Zufall ?
.
Schöne Grüße
moodi

> also irgendwie kann ich diese Studie nicht so ganz ernst nehmen.

Weil das Ergebnis der Studie falsch dargestellt wird.

> Studieren fördert Hirntumore ?

Und genau das sagt die Studie nicht aus. Die Forscher wissen schon, dass sie keine Ursache-Wirkung-Beziehung angeben können. Sie sagen nur, dass Personen, die eine akademische Laufbahn hinter sich haben, mit erhöhter Wahrscheinlichkeit erkranken.

..also ich höre mit meinem Fernstudium in Teilzeit jetzt nicht auf.

Hallo,
asteri 1, hör bloß nicht auf mit dem Studium, war eh nur ironisch gemeint, oder ?
SpinEcho, das meinte ich auch, eine Wahrscheinlichkeit ist für mich keine feste Größe und man sollte sich deswegen keinen Kopf machen und die Sache ZU ernst nehmen. Studien gibt es viele.

moodi

Also mich wundert das Ergebnos dieser Studie überhaupt nicht. Mich wird es auch nicht wundern, wenn die Forschungen in Zukunft ergeben, dass
-Stress
-ungesunde Ernährung
-mangelnde Bewegung
-psychische Probleme
etc., Hirntumore genauso wie andere Krebsarten begünstigen.

Für die Schulmedizin sind diese Faktoren irrelevanter Quatsch, solange sie nicht wissenschaftlich eindeutig bewiesen sind. Die Beweise sind aber mangels Studienteilnehmer schwer zu führen, weil die potentiellen Kandidaten i. d. R. früh sterben und die Langzeitstudien damit "boykottieren".

Wenn dann mal solche Studien erscheinen, werden sie sehr kritisch beäugt, was ja streng wissenschaftlich gesehen auch richtig ist und kaum reflektiert, was wiederum dumm ist, da die Ergebnisse in alle Betrachtungen einfließen müssen.

Die Erfahrungsheilkunde kennt so viel über diese Sachverhalte, findet aber in der Schulmedizin zumeist Ablehnung, weil die eindeutigen Studien fehlen. Inzwischen kommen aber immer mehr Schulmediziner auf den Trichter und erwägen zumindest die seit langem vermuteten Zusammenhänge.

Ich denke, dass es in naher Zukunft noch so einige "Überraschungen" geben wird und würde mir für mich den Willen zu einer gesünderen Lebensweise wünschen.

Hallo miteinander,
so ein absoluter Quatsch - weder ich (55 Jahre) habe studiert noch der Sohn (1) unseres Neffen sowie die Tante (67) meines Mannes umd auch nicht der Mann (56) meiner Cousine. Und wir alle 4 haben/hatten Hirntumore (Tante ist zwischenzeitlich verstorben). Ich bringe die Erkrankung eindeutig in Verbindung mit Umwelteinflüssen - vor allem Strahlung, Handy etc., denn das Alter spielt beim Hirntumor keine Rolle. Wir Menschen bringen uns selber um mit dem ganzen Umweltdreck.
LG birgitlmn

Hallo miteinander,
so ein absoluter Quatsch - weder ich (55 Jahre) habe studiert noch der Sohn (1) unseres Neffen sowie die Tante (67) meines Mannes umd auch nicht der Mann (56) meiner Cousine. Und wir alle 4 haben/hatten Hirntumore (Tante ist zwischenzeitlich verstorben). Ich bringe die Erkrankung eindeutig in Verbindung mit Umwelteinflüssen - vor allem Strahlung, Handy etc., denn Alter/Bildung spielen beim Hirntumor keine Rolle. Wir Menschen bringen uns selber um mit dem ganzen Umweltdreck.
LG birgitlmn

Bitte keine Misinterpretationen!

Die Studie spricht von einer Risikoerhöhung bei Menschen, die studiert haben, nicht von einem auslösenden Grund. Keiner hat behauptet, dass man studiert haben muss, um einen Hirntumor zu bekommen. Also nicht von "Quatsch" reden.